International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences. Volume 18, Issue 3(March 2014)

	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences ISSN: 2076-734X, EISSN: 2076-7366 Volume 18, Issue 3(March, 2014) To read and print the PDF files of the Journal Archive you will need to have Acrobat Reader If you have any technical or content problems contact : publisher@arpapress.com
1.	PARETO TYPE DISTRIBUTIONS AND EXCESS-OF-LOSS REINSURANCE
1.	by Werner Hürlimann
Abstract	To be consistent with Extreme Value Theory the pricing of excess-of-loss reinsurance contracts should be based on Pareto type distributions. In this context, two recent Pareto type distributions are considered and compared. The state of a geometric Brownian motion after an exponentially distributed random time with log-normally distributed initial state generates a four-parameter Pareto type distribution, called double Pareto lognormal distribution. It has been introduced by Reed and Jorgensen and exhibits two-sided power-law behaviour. On the other hand, the mixture of a truncated exponential distribution in the lower-tail with a Pareto distribution in the upper-tail generates another analytical simple four-parameter Pareto type distribution, called exponential Pareto distribution. The statistical fitting of these two models is illustrated with a large claims data set and its application to the pricing of excess-of-loss reinsurance in actuarial science is illustrated. As a main result, it is shown that the selected best fitted right-tailed Pareto lognormal distribution with minimum Cramér-von Mises K-statistics yields the safest mean and standard deviation of excess-of-loss reinsurance layer risks. The corresponding method is useful for conservative excess-of-loss reinsurance pricing.
Source:	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences March 2014-- Vol. 18 Issue 3 -- 2014

2.	FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A WELDING TRANSFORMER
2.	by Antônio Flavio Licarião Nogueira
Abstract	The study introduces the detailed sequence of operations necessary to determine the self- and mutual inductances of power transformers from numerically simulated open-circuit and bucking experiments. Parameters of a welding style transformer are compared to those of a normal step-down transformer of equivalent ratings. The investigation identifies the different patterns of magnetic flux circulation when the two transformers operate with rated load. Implications of the high reactance of welding transformers on the consumption of reactive power and power factor are analyzed.
Source:	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences March 2014-- Vol. 18 Issue 3 -- 2014

3.	ASSESSMENT OF A CLOSED DUMPSITE AND ITS IMPACT ON SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER INTEGRITY: A CASE OF OKE AFA DUMPSITE, LAGOS, NIGERIA
3.	by Salami L., Fadayini M.O. & Madu C.
Abstract	The assessment of a closed dumpsite and investigation of its impact on surface and groundwater integrity is very crucial to health and environment. This research work was aimed at assessing OkeAfa dumpsite and its impact on surface and groundwater integrity in the vicinity of the dumpsite. Soil samples were collected from five different locations on the dumpsite at the surface, at a depth of 0.5m and at a depth of 1.0m. Five different groundwater samples were collected at various radial distances from the dumpsite and five different surface water samples along the dumpsite were collected. All the samples were examined for zinc, lead, nickel, copper, chromium, iron, magnesium, calcium, manganese, sodium and potassium as well as biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand in the case of ground and surface water. The results showed that closed dumpsite has no serious impact on the ground and surface water quality. It also revealed the concentrations of parameters analysed did not follow a particular tread. The results of the groundwater samples fall within the guideline for drinking water by World Health Organisation and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control but there was a scarcity of guideline for soil of closed dumpsites for the purpose of comparison.
Source:	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences March 2014-- Vol. 18 Issue 3 -- 2014

4.	NEW NONCLASSICAL FULLERENES WITH MIXED SQUARE AND OCTAGONAL FACES
4.	by Tchoffo F., Zekeng S. & Ndjaka J.M.
Abstract	Up to date a certain number of computational works have been carried out on nonclassical fullerenes with either four-, seven- or eight-membered rings for each case. Basically, for those with heptagonal rings the isolated pentagon rule (IPR) is not satisfied. As far as some nonclassical fullerenes are more stable than the corresponding classical isomers with the same number of pentagonal bonds, their study seems to be very important. We present some new nonclassical fullerenes derived from classical one which verify the IPR rule and are specifically characterised by their mixed four-, five-, six- and eight-membered rings, e.i. their geometric structure presents mixed square, pentagonal, hexagonal and octagonal faces. The paper is mainly focus on these new nonclassical fullerenes geometric characterizations.
Source:	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences March 2014-- Vol. 18 Issue 3 -- 2014

5.	WEB PROTOTYPE FOR DISPLAY INFORMATION OF VILLAGE PROFILE, A CASE STUDY IN THE VILLAGES UNDER ASSISTANCE BY GORONTALO STATE UNIVERSITY
5.	by Amirudin Y. Dako, Rahmat Deddy Rianto Dako & Jumiati Ilham
Abstract	This research is aimed to design a prototype website contains profile of villages under Gorontalo State University (UNG) assistance. It is designed modularly to enrich the data served in UNG’s website. This is important considering the implementation of four pillars of UNG which one of it, is totally IT based to be able to manage its documents and implement the ‘TridharmaPerguruanTinggi’ (three universities deeds) especially implementation of community services. In this sense, it is serving as the database for all community services that have been done by UNG. For these villages the information serves to open opportunity to share eksternal resources to strengthen the villages institution, optimization of villages resources, capacity development of villagers, and sustainability of village governance which globally presented, which eventually improve the promotion of villages resources. This research is made with prototype that enables sustainable development of information systems and adjusted toadaptively with current development of information technology. It is planned to be carried out in two years and first year output is a database and website contained these villages’ profile. Website prototype result from this research in the first year is make possible to develop a geographical information system in second year,with a little modification in database and the interfaces.
Source:	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences March 2014-- Vol. 18 Issue 3 -- 2014

6.	THE ETHICAL RULES OF AUDITING AND THE IMPACT OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE ETHICAL RULES ON AUDITING QUALITY
6.	by Hasan Flayyeh Al qtaish, Abed Al Rahman Mohammad Baker & Othman Hussein Othman
Abstract	The aim of this study was to identify the concept of ethical rules for the auditing profession and the concept of auditing quality and analyzing the impact of compliance with the rules on the quality of audit, and then make recommendations for the development of the audit process by measuring and analyzing the impact of the commitment of professional ethics auditors on audit quality. To achieve the objectives of the study were developed questionnaire included 37 questions distributed to a sample of auditors practitioners of the audit profession and numbered (59) auditors, have been recovered, (54) of them were collected, underwent all the analysis, one sample t-test and regression were used to test the hypotheses study. Researchers found : that there is the impact of a high degree of commitment to the auditors professional ethics on the quality of the audit, it turns out that the degree of influence of commitment to professional ethics on the quality of the audit was uneven, where it came from the independence of the auditor in the first place, the auditor's straightening and integrity in second place, and third place efficiency of the auditor, commitment to professional conduct in fourth place, then the auditor's commitment to the confidentiality of information. Finally researchers suggested some of the recommendations of the most important need for the supervisory authorities and the Organization for the audit profession to hold training courses, workshops and seminars on auditing standards and rules of ethics of the audit profession. And activating its role in improving adherence to apply the rules of ethical conduct, and to strengthen its role in supporting the neutrality and independence of the auditor and verification of the efficiency and the level of professional performance.
Source:	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences March 2014-- Vol. 18 Issue 3 -- 2014

7.	KINETIC ANALYSIS OF AROMATIZATION OF N-HEXANE ON PLATINUM/ALUMINA CATALYST USING THE TIKHONOV REGULARIZATION TECHNIQUE
7.	by Oyinlola Rukayat Oresegun, Aramide Adenike Adesina & Alfred Akpoveta Susu
Abstract	Tikhonov regularization, which is a new technique for converting time-concentration data into concentration-reaction rate data, was applied to the kinetic analysis of n-hexane aromatization on Platinum/Alumina Catalyst.The technique was used for the conversion of the experimental concentration-time data to rate-concentration data. Due to the ill-posed nature of the problem of obtaining of reaction rates from experimental data, conventional methods will lead to noise amplification of the experimental data. Hence, Tikhonov regularization technique is preferably employed because it is entirely independent of reaction rate models and it also manages to minimize noise amplification, thus, leading to more reliable results. The kinetic parameters obtained by the application of the Nelder-Mead simplex optimization technique to formulated mechanistic models was used to discriminate among rival kinetic models based upon physicochemical criteria and thermodynamic tests to give the rate of conversion of adsorbed hexene-1 to adsorbed methylcyclopentane when hydrogen is adsorbed as a bi-molecular specie as the rate determining step.
Source:	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences March 2014-- Vol. 18 Issue 3 -- 2014

8.	TRACE METAL DYNAMICS IN SOME LEAFY VEGETABLES CONSUMED IN WARRI, NIGER DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA
8.	by Grace E. Obi-Iyeke
Abstract	Five common and widely consumed Nigerian leafy vegetables Talinumtriangulare (waterleaf), Amaranthusviridis(African spinach), Ocimumgratissimum(scent leaf), Vernoniaamygdalina (bitterleaf) and Telferiaoccidentalis(pumpkin leaf) collected from Ekpan around the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) refinery were digested and analyzed for trace metal distribution in the leaves and roots using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Most of the trace metals analysed (zinc, cadmium, arsenic, iron and lead) were found present in the analyzed sample. The result showed that the levels of iron, lead and zinc ranged from 2.110 to 5.230; 2.890 to 9.999 and 2.801 to 5.821 mg/kg respectively for the roots. The levels of iron, lead and zinc for the leaves respectively ranged from 1.340 to 4.320; 1.321 to 6.871 and 1.340 to 3.014 mg/kg.Values obtained were compared with those available in the literature and within tolerable limits of some regulatory authorities. The bioconcentration factor indicates that the roots of the vegetables concentrate most of the metals than the leaves. The high level of lead in these samples could be attributed to the sampling point which is close to an oil refinery. It is therefore imperative that the operations of oil industry in the study area be sufficiently accompanied by an adequate environmental protection measures.
Source:	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences March 2014-- Vol. 18 Issue 3 -- 2014

9.	CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCOAGULATION TECHNIQUES IN COAGULATION-FLOCCCULATION IN WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT- A REVIEW
9.	by Ukiwe L.N., Ibeneme S.I, Duru C.E., Okolue B.N., Onyedika G.O. & Nweze C.A.
Abstract	Chemical and electrocoagulation are widely used coagulation methods employed in water and wastewater treatment. Both coagulation processes are effective in removing a wide range of impurities which include dissolved organic matter in form of chemical and biological oxygen demand, pathogens, oils, and colloidal particles as well as heavy metals. The present review has revealed that the mode of action of both coagulation methods is based on charge neutralization and floc formation. The effectiveness of both coagulation techniques depend on factors such as pH, coagulation dose, coagulant type, current density, applied voltage, water and wastewater type, type of electrode, as well as size and number of electrodes. The commonly used chemical coagulants are inorganic coagulants based on aluminum and iron salts. However, there have been considerable successes in the development of pre-hydrolyzed inorganic coagulants which have the added advantage over traditional inorganic coagulants in that they function well over a wide range of pH and water temperatures. Electrocoagulation has been proposed as an alternative method to chemical coagulation because it is environmental friendly and cheap to operate. Nonetheless, most researchers are of the opinion that there are still some uncertainties regarding the understanding of its optimal performance and design mechanism.
Source:	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences March 2014-- Vol. 18 Issue 3 -- 2014

10.	PREDICTIVE POWER FOR TWO BINOMIAL POPULATIONS IN CLINICAL TRIALS
10.	by Labdaoui ahlam & Merabet Hayet
Abstract	The Bayesian approach involves synthesising data and judgement in order to reach conclusions about unknown quantities and make predictions. In recent years, many authors have stressed the interest of the Bayesian predictive approach for designing and monitoring experiments. In the planning and design of new clinical trials, the calculation of the sample size and power is an essential part of the process. Power calculations are usually based on the estimated quantities of the analysis of historical data and are therefore subject to uncertainty. In many cases, this is addressed by the sensitivity analysis but simple sensitivity analysis provides an incomplete picture of the uncertainty of estimates of power. We describe here a Bayesian analysis of historical data in clinical trials using the binary data with a prior beta (a, b), which gives by the generation of the power distribution of a fully probabilistic predictive description of uncertainty in computing power.
Source:	International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences March 2014-- Vol. 18 Issue 3 -- 2014