A numerical code based on the finite volume discretization technique is developed to simulate the flow through a three-dimensional forward facing step. A rectangular channel encloses the forward facing step with a contraction ratio of two and an aspect ratio of four. The channel total length in the stream-wise direction is thirty times the step height. The step occupies one third of the total axial length and is located at the channel exit. The numerical results were validated using PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) measurements and visualization techniques realized for laminar airflow through an acrylic channel. The percent difference between numerical and experimental results is around 6%, giving an excellent approximation and therefore validating the numerical procedure. Numerical results presented in this work clearly show the tri-dimensionality of the flow structures at the vicinity of the step for the aspect and contraction radio considered.

National Institute of Standards and Technology announced a competition in 2008, of which the winner was acknowledged as the new hash standard SHA-3. There were 5 finalist algorithms which are selected among 51 first round candidates. In this paper, we apply statistical analysis to the finalists by using two different methods, and observe how conservative the algorithms are in terms of randomness. The first method evaluates 256-bit outputs, obtained from reduced round versions of the algorithms, through statistical randomness tests. On the other hand, the second method evaluates the randomness of the reduced round compression functions based on certain cryptographic properties. This analysis gives a rough idea on the security factor of the compression functions.

Natural source of food additives play prominent role in improvinghuman health conditions. However, importance and application of these additives have been widely neglected in food industry and its sub sectors. This paper is aimed to introduce Dragon FruitColoring Powder named (DFCP) as a natural food additive using dragon fruit albedo. It is expected to be tremendously healthy and attractive especially for consumer, since, dragon fruit is an edible fruit with water-soluble fiber and has high source of vitamin C.The albedo of dragon fruit was dried using conventional method to color rice, milk, yoghurt, juice, and pastry. Developing DFCP as the natural food colorants is not only healthy for human body, but also is friendly for society and environment. DFCPis estimated to be cost effective, as it is sourced from the only disposable part (peel) of the fruit. Further, since process of DFCPpreparation does not affect the natural benefit of dragon fruit, the original nutritional values of the fruit will still be preserved.